"I think of the United States first. Sixty-three of them just one short of the two-thirds needed for consent voted yea. Whether any others might have been persuaded to join them by a still-healthy Wilson remains an intriguing question. 90 Day Studies (2010 - 2016) Relevancy of of Commoner Work; The Constitution; Of Amendments; Classics that Inspired Constitution; Executive Branch Overreach Twelve years after the senior Lodges death, his namesake grandson, Henry Cabot Lodge Jr., whom he had helped to raise from childhood, likewise filled a Senate seat from Massachusetts. The Monroe doctrine exists solely for the protection of the American Hemisphere, and to that hemisphere it was limited. The Treaty of Versailles was negotiated at the Paris Peace Conference of 1919, and included a covenant establishing the League of Nations, which convened its first council meeting on January 16, 1920. The principles of the Farewell Address in regard to our foreign relations have been sustained and acted upon by the American people. Wilson likewise rejected any compromise efforts, calling Lodge and the reservationists nullifiers. That word, which harked back to John C. Calhoun and the slaveholding South, was sure to draw blood from Republicans just a little over half a century after the Civil War. I have never had but one allegiance I cannot divide it now. We shall make mistakes in the future and fall short of our own best hopes. She has great problems of her own to solve, very grim and perilous problems, and a right solution, if we can attain to it, would largely benefit mankind. When in 1919 the Republicans gained control of the Senate, Lodge became chairman of the Foreign Relations Committee. We shall make mistakes in the future and fall short of our own best hopes. She has great problems of her own to solve, very grim and perilous problems, and a right solution, if we can attain to it, would largely benefit mankind. Standing always firmly by these great policies, we have thriven and prospered and have done more to preserve the world's peace than any nation, league, or alliance which ever existed. That the nations must unite for peace and protection. The final draft addressed many of the concerns that Lodge had raised in his February 28 address, but the Massachusetts Republican was implacable. The Patriot Post does not support Internet Explorer. Harvard University President A. Lawrence Lowell, a Harvard-trained lawyer and government scholar, argued in favor of joining the league, while U.S. Sen. Henry . BOOK A SPEECH; CLIPS FOR SCHOOLROOMS; ACADEMICAL TECHNOLOGY. The explanation or interpretation of any of these doubtful passages is not sufficient if made by one man, whether that man be the President of the United States, or a Senator, or anyone else. For we, too, have our ideals, even if we differ from those who have tried to establish a monopoly of idealism. The subjects included immigration, tariffs, the Monroe Doctrine, British Empire votes in the league and Japans seizure of the Chinese province of Shantung (now Shandong). Senator Johnson corroborates Lodge's statements about a loss of national autonomy in policy and lawmaking. This is all the more essential because it is evident, although not expressly stated, that this league is intended to be indissoluble, for there is no provision for its termination or for the withdrawal of any signatory. Enforced Peace: Proceedings of the First Annual National Assemblage of the League to Enforce Peace, Washington, 26-27 05 1916 (New York: League to Enforce Peace, 1916), p. 165. ", Nation's Forum Collection (Library of Congress) - Lodge, Henry Cabot - A.F.R. He explained this position in an August 1919 speech in Washington: The independence of the United States is not only more precious to ourselves but to the world. Also available in digital form. The League of Nations Must Be Revised (1919), Henry Cabot Lodge. He succeeded in adding fourteen reservations to the treaty. Speeches and Addresses, -1909. www.senate.gov, rose in the Senate to deliver the opening salvo, George Washington's September 17, 1796, Farewell Address. Our entry in the great war just closed was entirely in accord with and violated in no respect the policy laid down by Washington. https://www.loc.gov/item/09031456/. He explained this position in an August 1919 speech in Washington: The independence of the United States is not only more precious to ourselves but to the world Look at the United States today. Of course I am sorry to have my reservations beaten, Lodge said the next day. When we went to war with Germany we made no treaties with the nations engaged in the war against the German Government. Also available in digital form. Document: The Senate and the League of Nations . Our ideal of the future is that she should continue to render that service of her own free will. We would have our country strong to resist a peril from the West, as she has flung back the German menace from the East. I have always loved one flag and I cannot share that devotion [with] a mongrel banner created for a League. World War I Through The Eyes Of Woodrow Wilson. How anyone can say this passes my comprehension. Under this draft of the constitution of the league of nations, American questions and European questions and Asian and African questions are all alike put within the control and jurisdiction of the league. Pdf. That which we refuse to do in war we are to do in peace, deliberately, coolly, and with no war exigency. a convenience, and may not be complete or accurate. He remained at Harvard for the next three years as instructor in American history and retained an active interest in this field throughout his life, editing scholarly journals and writing or editing works on major figures and events in the nations history. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. Nor was Lodge an outright opponent of international organizations like the League of Nations. https://udayton.edu, Pope Francis makes an interesting point. FAQ Retrieved from the Library of Congress, . I can never be anything else but an American, and I must think of the United States first, and when I think of the United States first in an arrangement like this, I am thinking of what is best for the world for if the United States fails, the best hopes of mankind fail with it. Irregular No. The language of these articles does not appear to me to have the precision and unmistakable character which a constitution, a treaty, or a law ought to present. Our ideal of the future is that she should continue to render that service of her own free will. the pivotal figure in the protracted debate over the League. Hewes, James E. Jr. (August 20, 1970). He enjoyed some moments in the limelight he delivered the keynote speech at the 1920 Republican . (Corroboration) To what extent does Senator Norris's speech corroborate Lodge's speech in Document A. Perhaps the time has come when it is necessary to do this, but it is a very grave step, and I wish now merely to point out that the American people ought never to abandon the Washington policy and the Monroe doctrine without being perfectly certain that they earnestly wish to do so. Lodge later viewed the peace settlement as too soft on Germany, and he had disliked the way the president had resisted the harsher terms that the British and French wanted to impose. He began with the impassioned argument that the document repudiated George Washington's September 17, 1796, Farewell Address and the Monroe Doctrine, two sacred canons of American foreign policy. The 1924 United States presidential election was the 35th quadrennial presidential election, held on Tuesday, November 4, 1924.In a three-way contest, incumbent Republican President Calvin Coolidge won election to a full term. I. Henry Cabot Lodge: Reservations with Regard to the Treaty . While Chairman Lodge's attempt to pass amendments to . Mr. President, all people, men and women alike, who are capable of connected thought abhor war and desire nothing so much as to make secure the future peace of the world. and to that end let us have peace with Germany, made now, and not delay it until the complicated questions of the league of nations can be settled with the care and consideration which they demand.". We ought to lay aside once and for all the unfounded and really evil suggestion that because men differ as to the best method of securing the world's peace in the future, anyone is against permanent peace, if it can be obtained, among all the nations of mankindWe all earnestly desire to advance toward the preservation of the world's peace, and difference in method makes no distinction in purpose. Even before the November 11, 1918, armistice, however, differences over America's role in the postwar world began to emerge as Republican demands for Germany's unconditional surrender contrasted sharply with Wilson's idealistic vision of a "peace without victory." Despite Lodges triumph in thwarting Wilson, his last years were not happy ones. Regulatory Octopus Is Strangling Our Economy, Gary Bauer Boston, Houghton Mifflin, 1909. I press this point because there is nothing so vital to the peace of the world as the sanctity of treaties. All rights reserved. He did not close the door on temporary alliances for particular purposes. Senator from Massachusetts, stating his case against President Wilson's League of Nations. The best years of his political life had started in the 1890s, when he and his best friend, Theodore Roosevelt, had agitated and conspired for war with Spain and for that momentous break with isolation, the acquisition of the Philippines. ", 2. The independence of the United States is not only more precious to ourselves but to the world than any single possession. It is worse than idle, it is not honest, to evade or deny this fact, and every fairminded supporter of this draft plan for a league admits it. The attitude recommended by Washington was scrupulously maintained even under the pressue of the great conflict. I feel that I can say this without being accused of undue boastfulness, for it is the simple fact, and in making this treaty and taking on these obligations all that we do is in a spirit of unselfishness and in a desire for the good of mankind. . According to Lodge, how would involvement in the League of Nations weaken America? The president, gravely ill after an exhausting tour to promote the League precipitated a crippling stroke, refused to compromise. It was a sad end to what Wilson had called this great fight for the League of Nations.. I will go as far as anyone in world service, but the first step to world service is the maintenance of the United States. . In 1960, he was the vice-presidential running mate to Richard Nixon, who also lost to Kennedy, who, in turn, later appointed Lodge to be ambassador to South Vietnam. We cannot guarantee that every ebooks is available! Lodge deeply disliked Wilson personally, and he was partisan enough to attack a policy simply because it came from the other party. Lodge, Henry Cabot. . Not just his enjoyment at the Longworths party but his course during the coming months seemed to belie any real regrets. Wilson called this article the heart of the league, without which it would be a mere debating society. Critics charged that this article abrogated American sovereignty and violated Congresss constitutional war-making authority. In his first term, before Pearl Harbor, the younger Lodge opposed the pro-Allies policies of another president named Roosevelt, a Democrat who was married to Theodore Roosevelts niece, but in his second term he became a model bipartisan senator who vigorously supported the United Nations, the Truman Doctrine, the Marshall Plan and NATO. We shall make mistakes in the future and fall short of our own best hopes. Under the terms of this league draft reported by the committee to the peace conference the Monroe doctrine disappears. Sandro Magister tells us about the Popes hatred of proselytism and how his attitude is at variance with the history of the, I don't know what the Pope is so afraid of,, I hand write my taxes simply to annoy the IR, End stage (or near end stage) sexual libera, It's interesting. Coolidge had been vice president under Warren G. Harding and became . Contact | ", Turning to the specific provisions of the proposed draft, Lodge argued that the provision guaranteeing the independence and territorial integrity of all members was particularly troubling. The Patriot Post and Patriot Foundation Trust, in keeping with our Military Mission of Service, are proud sponsors of the National Medal of Honor Heritage Center, the Congressional Medal of Honor Society, Folds of Honor, Honoring the Sacrifice, Warrior Freedom Service Dogs, Officer Christian Fellowship, the Air University Foundation, the Naval War College Foundation, and the Naval Aviation Museum Foundation. 2. He emphasized that he had never engaged in corruption or self-dealing. Possessed of an "ardent, somewhat effervescent temperament," he argued his nationalist sentiments with forceful conviction. Lodge, Henry Cabot. Republican senator Henry Cabot Lodge of Massachusetts led the opposition to Wilson's League of Nations. For guidance about compiling full citations consult Citing Primary Sources. Speeches and Addresses, -1909. The Patriot Post is protected speech, as enumerated in the First Amendment and enforced by the Second Amendment of the Constitution of the United States of America, in accordance with the endowed and unalienable Rights of All Mankind. ", In 1919, Lodge was at the height of a long and distinguished career. Lodge honored the president's request that the committee refrain from public comment on the matter and was outraged to learn that Wilson intended to deliver a public address in Boston to muster public support for the League immediately upon his arrival. DeSantis Is Not Dead Yet, Stephen Moore On Mar. Wilsons health broke down two-thirds of the way through the tour, and he was rushed back to the White House, where he suffered a stroke that left him paralyzed on his left side. This suggests that party considerations were important in the debate over the Treaty of Versailles and supports the idea that Lodge may have changed his positions for political reasons. If this is not done the instrument will become a source of controversy instead of agreement, of dissension instead of harmony. First published, in 1898, in 2 vols. Courtesy of Library of Congress, 2022 Iowa Department of Cultural Affairs. If you extend it to all the world, it ceases to exist, because it rests on nothing but the differentiation of the American Hemisphere from the rest of the world. The next Republican secretary of state, Charles Evans Hughes, brought off such diplomatic feats as the naval disarmament treaties of 1921 and the Dawes and Young Plans to aid European economic recovery forerunners of the Marshall Plan. Everybody hates war. I doubt if any purely political declaration has ever been observed by any people for so long a time. (Contextualization) Why might Lodge's argument be different in 1919 (Document A) than it was in 1915 (Document B) range of possibilities for Lodge's apparent change of heart on a league of nations. Contrast the United States with any country on the face of the earth today and ask yourself whether the situation of the United States is not the best to be found. Lodge, Henry Cabot, War Addresses 1915-1917 (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co., 1917), p. 42. Still, those reservations were enough to deadlock debate on the treaty, blocking Senate approval. should investigate every proposal with the utmost thoroughness," Lodge's address was a painstaking critique of the League's constitution. "The inquiry has been so enduring," historian Herbert F. Margulies has observed, "that the story of the League's rejection has entered folklore and become almost mythological, with President Woodrow Wilson and Senator Henry Cabot Lodge the larger-than-life protagonists. But it is well to remember that we are dealing with nations every one of which has a direct individual interest to serve, and there is grave danger in an unshared idealism. Henry Cabot Lodge Quotes - BrainyQuote. The final Republican secretary of this era, Henry Stimson, tried without success to extend disarmament efforts, and he found himself stymied by Hoover when he sought to resist Japanese aggression in Manchuria. Pdf. Prohibition, Child Labor, Women's Suffrage, J, AP US History: The American Pageant Chapter 5. Wilson departed for the January 1919 Versailles peace conference without seeking the advice of senators from either party; once there, he insisted that his proposals for a League of Nations be incorporated into the peace settlement. The League of Nations would isolate the US from postwar world affiars. (Close Reading) What reasons does Senator Johnson give for opposing the Treaty of Versailles, He's opposing for the treaty of Versailles and says "I am not willing to submit any race problems we may have to the jurisdiction of the Council of the League of Nations, nor to the League itself. Therefore, before we ratify, the terms and language in which the terms are stated must be exact and precise, as free from any possibility of conflicting interpretations, as it is possible to make them. What I have just said indicates the vast importance of the form and the manner in which the agreements which we are to sign shall be stated. We have had shortcomings. They pass with the moment of effect and are shabby and tawdry in the daylight. What changed? That was not to be. Ideals have been thrust upon us as an argument for the league until the healthy mind which rejects cant revolts from them. In this speech, Republican Majority Leader and Chairman of the Committee on Foreign Relations Henry Cabot Lodge speaks to the Senate about US sovereignty and the need for the nation to be cautious about Wilson's proposed League of Nations. The United States is the world's best hope, but if you fetter her in the interests and quarrels of other nations, if you tangle her in the intrigues of Europe, you will destroy her power for good and endanger her very existence. The unknown story behind Henry Cabot Lodges campaign against the League of Nations. This article was most recently revised and updated by, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Henry-Cabot-Lodge-United-States-senator-1850-1924, 1914-1918 online - International Encyclopedia of the First World War - Biography of Henry Cabot Lodge, FirstWorldWar.com - Biography of Henry Cabot Lodge, Henry Cabot Lodge - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up). "Henry Cabot Lodge and the League of Nations". A painting of US Senator Henry Cabot Lodge, a Republican who was the Senate Majority Leader and opposed America's entry into the League of Nations, via the Liberty Fund Network Getting the Senate to ratify, or formally accept by majority, the Treaty of Versailles would be a difficult task. Internationalism is to me repulsive. He returned to the United States in February to report on the progress at Versailles, cabling ahead to invite the members of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee to a working dinner at the White House to discuss the treaty provisions relating to the League of Nations. Lodge and Wilson remained bitter enemies until Wilson's death on February 3, 1924. / I fear that the hearts of the vast majority of mankind would beat on strongly and steadily and without any quickening if the league were to perish altogether No doubt many excellent and patriotic people see a coming fulfilment of noble ideals in the words league for peace. We all respect and share these aspirations and desires but some of us see no hope, but rather defeat for them in this murky covenant. he asked. We would not have our politics distracted and embittered by the dissensions of other lands. 3. To say that it is a question of protecting the boundaries, the political integrity, or the American States, is not to state the Monroe doctrine.The real essence of that doctrine is that American questions shall be settled by Americans alone; that the Americas shall be separated from Europe in purely American questions. The League of Nations November 19, 1919. . When Wilson presented the draft covenant of the league to Congress in 1919, Lodge signaled his early opposition with an unbinding round robin letter signed by 38 Republican senators and senators-elect more than the number needed to block consent that rejected the document in its present form. Then he went to work trying to sway public opinion. Lodge offered to support it only if substantial revisions were made in its key provisions, especially Article X, which in his view transferred from the Senate to the League of Nations the authority to wage war. His most important reservation targeted Article X of the League Covenant, the collective security clause that obligated members to respond when the bodys council called for action against an aggressor diplomatic censure, boycotts, economic sanctions and, possibly, military force. Patrick Henry and Laurens were also addressed in anonymous letters; they forwarded the missives to Washington himself by way of reply. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. I know that some of the ardent advocates of the plan submitted to us regard any suggestion of the importance of the Washington policy as foolish and irrelevant. I can never be anything else but an American, and I must think of the United States first, and when I think of the United States first in an arrangement like this I am thinking of what is best for the world, for if the United States fails, the best hopes of mankind fail with it. Initially he endorsed an international peacekeeping mechanism in an address before the League to Enforce Peace (May 1916), but, when a world organization with compulsory arbitration was advocated by Pres. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). Hughess successor, Frank Kellogg, promoted the outlawry of war with the Kellogg-Briand Pact once characterized as peace at no price.. The opposition came from two groups: the "Irreconcilables," who refused to join the League of Nations under any circumstances, and "Reservationists," led by Senate Foreign Relations Committee Chairman, Henry Cabot Lodge, who wanted amendments made before they would ratify the Treaty. In Chicago and it seem in, End stage (or near end stage) sexual "libera, Fascinating. For nearly a century and a quarter the policies laid down in the Farewell Address have been followed and adhered to by the Government of the United States and by the American people. Wed like to hear what you think about this or any of our articles. "League of Nations" Speech by Henry Cabot Lodge, 1919 I am as anxious as any human being can be to have the United States render every possible service to . In the first place, the terms of the league--the agreements which we make,--must be so plain and so explicit that no man can misunderstand them.The Senate can take no action upon it, but it lies open before us for criticism and discussion. In 1876 Lodge was one of the first to be granted a doctorate in history from Harvard . Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. Look at the United States today. Lodge himself likened his voice to "the edge of a saw, and the sound it gives forth is something like that which issues when that useful instrument is being filed.". The White House, at the direction of his wife, Edith, issued misleading reports that the president was suffering from nervous exhaustion and would soon recover. But is there any country today on the face of the earth which can compare with this in ordered liberty, in peace, and in the largest freedom?. I have always loved one flag and I cannot share that devotion [with] a mongrel banner created for a League. If he was, he masked his sorrow well. Ideals have been thrust upon us as an argument for the league until the healthy mind which rejects cant revolts from them. Across his 40 years in Congress, he had advocated for what he called a large policy an expansive foreign agenda that would allow his nation to assume its proper place as a great power. Dennis Prager They should also see that a senator might not be completely honest in a public speech, especially if their true motivations would be unpopular with voters. There is provision for tribunals to decide questions submitted for arbitration, but there is no authority to decide differing interpretations as to the terms of the instrument itself. The League of Nations (French: Socit des Nations [ssjete de nsj]) was the first worldwide intergovernmental organisation whose principal mission was to maintain world peace. ", The remainder of the speech was a litany of questions, objections, and requests for information, and a ringing plea: "We must bring our men back from France . Lodge had also resented Wilsons initial linkage of the league idea with his effort at mediation of World War I in December 1916 and his call for a peace without victory a non-punitive compromise settlement in January 1917. 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